"Yang Xiong is the most useless of all. He was truly a rotten Confucian."Zhu Xi (11301200 A.D.)With this comment from Song Dynasty Neo-Confucian Zhu Xi, the work of Han Dynasty philosopher Yang Xiong (53 B.C.18 A.D.) was effectively relegated to the dustbin of Chinese intellectual history. While influential in the Later Han as the clearest expression of the Old Text Confucian school, Yang's Fa yan has received little attention from Western scholars and appears here in a rare (...) annotated English translation.Written during the transition between the Former and Later Han Dynasties, the Fa yan is a notoriously elusive text that was stylistically modeled on the Analects of Confucius. Denigrated by later Neo-Confucians for his association with Han usurper Wang Mang, Yang Xiong served both the Former Han and Xin imperial courts as a court poet and scholar, and was well known for being a reclusive personality, earning him a reputation as a "hermit at court." Most famous for his position that human nature is a mixture of good and evil, Yang Xiong's philosophy stands in clear contrast to the syncretic Confucianism of his day as a reformer's vision of proper self-cultivation and statecraft.This volume presents an annotated translation of the entire text, focusing on the passages that elucidate Yang's discussion of the core concepts of the Confucian school. The translator's commentary traces the text's major philosophical concepts to their roots in Warring States era philosophy, noting stylistic and conceptual allusions to the Analects and Mencius, among other texts. Also included are a discussion of Yang's biography and the influence of the eremitic ideal on his life and thought. (shrink)

In this study, we tested the feasibility of conducting quantitative assessments of patients’ experiences with care in the intensive care unit (ICU), in regard to treatment with respect and dignity. Patients completed the Patient Dignity Inventory, Collaborate, and selected domains from the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Health Providers and Systems Survey. Family members were additionally surveyed using the Family Satisfaction in ICU Care questionnaire. Overall, patients reported high levels of satisfaction in terms of nurses and doctors treating them with courtesy (...) and respect; however, physical aspects of care were reported to be more problematic. While this pilot study suggests some target areas for improving treatment with respect and dignity, the findings are limited since many patients were unable to participate in the survey. Future work should be directed at developing new measures that are easier to administer in this setting. (shrink)

도교는 처음부터 매우 정치적인 성향을 가지고 있었다. 내단 도교는 여러 파가 있었지만 남종과 북종이 대표적이다. 남종은 북송 때에 장백단으로부터 시작되었다. 북종은 금나라의 지배 아래서 왕중양에 의해 창립되었다. 남종은 교단을 만들지 않았으나 북종은 처음부터 교단을 중심으로 발전하였다. 도교는 근본적으로 장생불사를 추구한다. 내단 도교는 내단으로만 그러한 경지에 도달하고자 독특한 수련법을 만들었다. 남종의 수련법은 치밀한 논리적 구조를 가지고 있는데 반하여 북종의 수련법은 그 논리가 다소 부족하다. 남종은 육체적 수련으로부터 정신적 수련을 거쳐 궁극적 목적을 이루는 방법을 취했다. 반면에 북종은 정신적 수련으로부터 육체적 수련을 거쳐 (...) 목적을 이루는 방법을 주장하였다. 그러나 북종의 수련법은 순수한 내단법이라고 보기 어려운 내용도 포함하고 있다. 또한 그 수련에서 고행의 과정을 강요하고 있는 것도 남종과는 다른 방법이다. 이러한 차이점들은 그들이 유교와 불교를 이해하는 관점과도 밀접하게 연관된다. 남종은 유교와 선불교를 수련의 첫 단계와 두 번째 단계로 포섭하는 이론을 만들어, 삼교가 마침내 하나의 목적을 달성하는 과정에서 필요하다고 보았다. 이에 반해서 북종은 세 종교가 처음부터 하나의 같은 목적을 가지고 있다고 보았다. 남종은 개인적 수련이 일차적인 목적이고, 북종은 민중의 구제에 근본 목적을 두었다. 이것은 남종과 북종의 주요 인물들의 수명으로 알 수 있다. 남종의 인물들이 대단한 장수를 누렸으나 북종 인물들은 장수를 누렸다고 볼 수 없기 때문이다. 결과적으로, 엄밀하고 장기간의 수련이 필요한 남종은 그 맥이 단절되었고, 북종은 거대한 조직을 형성하여 이후 중국 도교의 중심이 되었다. 남종이 북종으로 흡수되었다. (shrink)

Alasdair MacIntyre and Martha C. Nussbaum are two prominent contemporary moral philosophers who attempt to rehabilitate Aristotle’s conception of virtues. Although both agree that virtue ethics can be considered as a strong alternative to our search for commonalities in a pluralistic society such as Indonesia, each chooses a very different path. While MacIntyre interprets Aristotle from his traditionalist and communitarian perspective, Nussbaum construes the philosopher in a non-relative and essentialist point of view using the perspective of capability. Consequently, MacIntyre construes (...) a more particularistic view of virtue ethics, whereas Nussbaum presents a more universalistic view of virtue ethics. Applying virtue ethics to the Indonesian context, this article argues that each approach will be insufficient to address the highly pluralistic societies such as Indonesia. Therefore, we need to construct a virtue ethics proper to the Indonesian context that takes both approaches into consideration. Keywords: Virtue, virtue ethics, community, capability, incommensurability. Abstrak: Alasdair MacIntyre dan Martha C. Nussbaum merupakan dua orang filsuf moral terkemuka pada masa kini, yang berusaha merehabilitasi konsep Aristoteles mengenai keutamaan. Sekalipun keduanya sepakat bahwa etika keutamaan dapat dipertimbangkan sebuah sebuah alternatif yang memadai bagi usaha kita dalam mencari kesamaan di tengah sebuah masyarakat majemuk seperti Indonesia, masing-masing memilih jalan yang sangat berbeda. Sementara MacIntyre menafsirkan Aristoteles dari perspektif tradisionalis dan komunitarian, Nussbaum memahami sang filsuf dari sebuah sudut pandang esensialis dan nonrelatif dengan memakai pendekatan kapabilitas. Akibatnya, MacIntyre mengkonstruksi sebuah pandangan yang lebih partikular atas etika keutamaan, sementara Nussbaum lebih menghadirkan sebuah pandangan yang lebih universal atas etika keutamaan. Mengaplikasikan etika keutamaan pada konteks Indonesia, artikel ini berpendapat bahwa masing-masing pendekatan tidak akan memadai untuk menjadi masyarakat yang sangat pluralistis seperti Indonesia. Untuk itu, kita perlu mengkonstruksi sebuah etika keutamaan yang kontekstual di Indonesia yang mempertimbangkan dan memanfaatkan kedua pendekatan tersebut. Kata-Kata Kunci: Keutamaan, etika keutamaan, komunitas, kapabilitas, inkomensurabilitas. (shrink)

This article deals with the contemporary task of Christian public theology in constructing a contextual model that is able to maintain the dialectic of commonality and particularity. Such a model must pay attention to the search for common ground among many cultural-religious identities, while at the same time it must respect those identities in their own paticularities. The sensitivity to and solidarity with the victims of the New Order’s’ regime must also be fundamental elements of such a model. To do (...) so, this article discusses two competing theories in social philosophy (liberalism and communitarianism), and their parallel theories in theology (revisionism and post-liberalism). The necessity to construct a more balanced third way between those theories is needed, if Indonesian Christians want to be open to their social and political call and faithful to their Christian distinctiveness. Keywords: Public theology, liberalism, communitarianism, revisionism, post-liberalism, commonality, particularity. Abstrak: Artikel ini membahas tugas kontemporer teologi publik Kristen dalam mengkonstruksi sebuah model kontekstual yang mampu mempertahankan dialektika kesamaan dan kekhususan. Model semacam ini haruslah memperhatikan usaha menemukan dasar bersama di antara banyak identitas kultural-religius, sekaligus pada saat bersamaan menghargai identitas-identitas tersebut di dalam keunikan mereka masing-masing. Kepekaan dan solidaritas pada para korban di bawah rejim Order Baru di masa silam harus menjadi unsur-unsur mendasar bagi model semacam itu. Artikel ini mendiskusikan dua teori yang saling bersaing di dalam filsafat sosial (liberalisme dan komunitarianisme), dan teori-teori sejajar di dalam teologi (revisionisme dan pascaliberalisme). Tuntutan untuk mengkonstruksi sebuah jalan ketiga yang lebih seimbang antara teori-teori tersebut sungguh dibutuhkan, jika orang-orang Kristen Indonesia ingin berbuka pada panggilan sosial dan politis mereka sembari tetap setia pada keunikan Kristiani mereka. Kata-kata Kunci: Teologi publik, liberalisme, komunitarianisme, revisionisme, pascaliberalisme, komunalitas, partikularitas. (shrink)

Demokrasi Liberal terbukti buta terhadap politik sebagai pembentukan identitas kolektif. Kebebasan individu tidak dapat menjelaskan militansi seorang aktivis terhadap ideologi yang diusungnya. Identitas bersifat kolektif, dan politik senantiasa berurusan dengan pembentukan "kami" sebagai laean dari "mereka". Antagonisme adalah karakter pembeda dari politik, yang mematok politik, sebagai pengambilan keputusan, bukan pencapaian konsensus. Politik adalah soal menjatuhkan keputusan dalam arena yang serba mungkin.Buku ini berupaya membangun teori militansi, yang dilupakan oleh demokrasi liberal dengan asumsi individualisme dan universalismenya. Berbekal (...) teori-teori politik radikal dari Chantal Mouffe, Ernesto Laclau, dan Alain Badiou, penulis merumuskan apa arti dan dari mana datangnya militansi itu. Dua hal yang tak pernah disebut dalam literatur-literatur demokrasi sebelumnya. (shrink)

The argument is that (1) the spiritual crisis that Zhu Xi discussed with Zhang Shi 張栻 (1133–1180) and the other “gentlemen of Hunan” from about 1167 to 1169, which was resolved by an understanding of what we might call the interpenetration of the mind’s stillness and activity (dong-jing 動靜) or equilibrium and harmony (zhong-he 中和), (2) led directly to his realization that Zhou Dunyi’s thought provided a cosmological basis for that resolution, and (3) this in turn led Zhu Xi to (...) understand (or construct) the meaning of taiji in terms of the polarity of yin and yang; i.e. the Supreme Polarity as the most fundamental ordering principle (li 理). (shrink)

신학적인 방법론에 대한 성찰은 매우 중요한데, 신학적인 방법은 방법 자체를 넘어서 신학의 내용까지 규정하기 때문이다. 이 연구는 이정용의 양면긍정의 신학 방법론을 고찰하는데, 이 양면긍정의 사유는 그의 실존적 신학적 난제를 해결하는 배경이 되었다. 그는 재미신학자로서 동양적 세계관에 근거한 동양적 신학내지는 한국적 신학을 창조하는 구성신학적 작업을 하였다. 그는 서구 신학의 난제들을 발견하면서, 그 난제들을 동양적 사유방식을 통해서 해결하려고 도전하였는데, 그의 작업은 포스트모던 시대에 동서의 지평융합을 지향해야 하는 신학자에게는 매우 의미있는 작업이었다. 포스트모더니티는 도전인 동시에 기회인데, 비서구적인 전통과 문화들이 자기 목소리를 낼 수 있도록 (...) 하는데, 기독교는 이제 서구의 종교가 아닌 명실공히 세계종교의 자리를 확보해야 하기 때문이다. 즉, 비서구 전통들이 기독교 속에 융합내지는 제소리를 내지 않으면 세계기독교는 가능하지 않다. 이것이야말로 타자를 포용하고 담아내는 내적인 외적인 스트러글이 없다면 이루어질 수 없는 난제이다. 서구신학이 문화적 상대성과 대화에 주목하게 된 것을 넘어서서, 다른 문화들이 제목소리를 내면서도 기독교적 정신이 자리할 수 있어야 한다. 유비적 사고는 서구 신학적 전통에서 신과 인간, 신과 세계의 차이를 보충하고 매개하기 위해서 반드시 필요한 사고였다. 이정용은 관계와 신앙으로 하나님과 인간의 간극을 초극하려고 했던 칼 바르트의 유비에서 출발해서, 동양적 음양론으로 그의 신학적 사유를 넓혀나갔으며, 동양적 삼위일체적 사유를 말하는 자리까지 전진했다. 이런 과정에서, 동양적 전통의 언어가 철학적 해석을 통해 신학적 언어로 기능을 해도 전혀 손색이 없는 차원을 발견하게 되었다. 그의 신학적 구성은 동양의 종교적 전통의 일종의 서구화로 읽힐 수 있으나, 기독교의 토착화로 볼 수도 있다. 이것은 그런 작업자체가 양자택일의 길이 아닌 양면긍정의 길이다. 동서는 이제는 더 이상 고정된 틀이 아니다. 이정용의 신학적 테제에 따르면, 기독교의 본질은 배타성에 있지 않고, 포용성에 있다. 이것이야말로 한국의 기독교인들에게 세계 기독교의 형성을 위해서 기여하기 위해서 우리 자신의 신학적 방법론을 발전시키라는 소명일 수 있다. (shrink)

In the early twentieth century Walter Benjamin introduced the idea of epochal and ongoing progression in interaction between mind and the built environment. Since early antiquity, the present study suggests, Benjamin’s notion has been manifest in metaphors of gender in city-form, whereby edifices and urban voids have represented masculinity and femininity, respectively. At the onset of interaction between mind and the built environment are prehistoric myths related to the human body and to the sky. During antiquity gender projection can be (...) detected in western perceptions linking natural and built environments, commencing with Plato’s Atlantis and his Myth of Er, and later as a likely import of the Chinese yin-yang mythology. Culminating with the Age of Discovery, alongside advances in experiential awareness of the Earth’s sphericity, respective feminine and masculine earmarks can be detected in early modern perspicacity of the Earth’s southern and northern hemispheres. Our conceptions of natural and built environments inherently continue to contain gender traits. Yet urban voids, as the feminine face of city-form, have been severely understated in the built environment. Through design and configuration of urban voids, allegories of femininity in city-form ought to be celebrated, not discarded. (shrink)

In this paper, we deal with an alternative analytical analysis of fractional-order partial differential equations with proportional delay, achieved by applying Yang decomposition method, where the fractional derivative is taken in Caputo sense. The suggested series results are discovered to quickly converge to an exact solution. The computation of three test problems of fractional-order with proportional delay partial differential equations was presented to confirm the validity and efficiency of suggested method. The system appears to be a very dependable, effective, (...) and powerful method for solving a variety of physical problems that arise in engineering and science. (shrink)

Cultural Writing. Asian American Studies. Translation. This version of the Tao Te Ching extrapolates the premise that wise development of Psyche means downplaying ego's role. Lao Tzu uses a telegraphic style, a kind of Basic Chinese. Once we identify the Chinese character Lao Tzu has used, we must ask how to understand that concept, Chinese or not. If Lao Tzu writes, "Know male, but keep to female," what does this mean in terms of Psyche? What indeed is a sage or (...) a wise man? Allen provides a fresh answer, a vision of wisdom that patriarchal scholars disregard--ego-transcendence in favor of the creative unconscious. (shrink)

We study the mathematical properties of bilateral state-based modal logic (BSML), a modal logic employing state-based semantics (also known as team semantics), which has been used to account for free choice inferences and related linguistic phenomena. This logic extends classical modal logic with a nonemptiness atom which is true in a state if and only if the state is nonempty. We introduce two extensions of BSML and show that the extensions are expressively complete, and develop natural deduction axiomatizations for the (...) three logics. (shrink)

In this work, Cua renders relatively inaccessible Chinese concepts into the categories and structures of Western ethical analysis, and in so doing, presents Wang Yang-ming as an ethical thinker worthy of contemporary consideration. There are four sections. The first outlines the problem: to pursue an understanding of the actuating force of moral learning as it is captured in Wang Yang-ming’s doctrine of “the unity of knowledge and action.” Reformulated in contemporary idiom, it becomes the unity of prospective and (...) retrospective moral knowledge. The author applies his familiarity with recent work in ethical theory to establish his questions and to bring structure to his analysis. In the second section, Cua tackles several of the core philosophical concepts, centering his discussion on li, frequently translated “principle,” but here rendered as “reason.” By exploring several of the binomial expressions of which li is a member, i.e., t’ien-li, tao-li, i-li, t’iao-li, Cua is able to register dimensions of li not previously noted, and, at the same time, to track some coherence among Wang’s more fundamental categories. There is an attempt, through representative selection, to let the original text speak for itself. (shrink)

Traditional model systems such as fly, mouse, and chick have formed the foundation of the EvoDevo research program. These animal systems have provided a wealth of information on the patterns and mechanisms of developmental change over large phylogenetic scales. However, the almost exclusive focus on individual embryos as model organisms has also limited the field’s ability to address the central roles that natural selection and life history adaptation play in the evolution of developmental systems. Likewise, focus on this small set (...) of “unitary” model organisms may also constrain the explanatory reach and theoretical robustness of EvoDevo if we consider that many core developmental processes like homeostatic regulation, ontogenetic differentiation, and norms of reaction are also manifest at other levels of biological organization, such as colonial organisms. The study of social insect systems can help bridge these considerable gaps in EvoDevo’s current approach. Because social insect colonies span the fine line between simple associations of “unitary” organisms and full-fledged “superorganisms,” these systems help elucidate what kinds of processes fundamentally characterize developmental systems and their evolution. What is more, the traits of social insect colonies show high degrees of population-level variability that can be linked directly to selective factors in the environment, making them ideal systems in which to more fully integrate EcoEvoDevo approaches. (shrink)

The global signal, which was once regarded as a nuisance of functional magnetic resonance imaging, has been proven to convey valuable neural information. This raised the following question: what is a GS represented in local brain regions? In order to answer this question, the GS topography was developed to measure the correlation between global and local signals. It was observed that the GS topography has an intrinsic structure characterized by higher GS correlation in sensory cortices and lower GS correlation in (...) higher-order cortices. The GS topography could be modulated by individual factors, attention-demanding tasks, and conscious states. Furthermore, abnormal GS topography has been uncovered in patients with schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and epilepsy. These findings provide a novel insight into understanding how the GS and local brain signals coactivate to organize information in the human brain under various brain states. Future directions were further discussed, including the local-global confusion embedded in the GS correlation, the integration of spatial information conveyed by the GS, and temporal information recruited by the connection analysis. Overall, a unified psychopathological framework is needed for understanding the GS topography. (shrink)

The analysis of a previous paper (see Ref. 1), in which the possibility of a Finslerian generalization of the equations of motion of gravitational field sources was demonstrated, is extended by developing the Finslerian generalization of the gravitational field equations on the basis of the complete contractionK = K lj lj of the Finslerian curvature tensorK l j hk (x, y). The relevant Lagrangian is constructed by the replacement of the directional variabley i inK by a vector fieldy i (x), (...) so that the notion of osculation may be regarded as the key concept on which the approach is based. The introduction of the auxiliary vector fieldy i (x) is shown to be of physical significance, for the field equations refer not only to the proper field variables but also to a special coordinate system associated withy i (x) through the Clebsch representation of the latter. The status of the conservation laws proves to be similar to that in the theory of the Yang-Mills field. By choosing a special Finslerian metric function we elucidate in detail the structure of the field equations in the static case. (shrink)

Films involving Artificial Intelligence often miss the disembodied nature of consciousness and promulgate an erroneous conceptualization of mind. This article explores agency, Spinoza's "conatus," and its neuro-chemical foundations in light of films like: "2001: A Space Oddity," "After Yang," "Upgrade," "Ex Machina," and more.

Anthony Brueckner and Jon Altschul suggest a version of skepticism according to which the skeptic posits a distinct skeptical hypothesis for each external world proposition that a person claims to know. In a recent issue of this journal, Eric Yang argues against this piecemeal approach. In this note, I show that Yang’s argument against piecemeal skepticism is fallacious.

A growing body of research explores emoji, which are visual symbols in computer mediated communication (CMC). In the 20 years since the first set of emoji was released, research on it has been on the increase, albeit in a variety of directions. We reviewed the extant body of research on emoji and noted the development, usage, function and application of emoji. In this review article, we provide a systematic review of the extant body of work on emoji, reviewing how they (...) have developed, how they are used differently, what functions they have and what research has been conducted on them in different domains. Furthermore, we summarize directions for future research on this topic. (shrink)

An incline S is a commutative semiring where r+1=1 for any r \in S . We note that the ideal lattice of an S-semimodule is naturally an S-semimodule and so is its congruence lattice when S is transitive. We prove that the categories of complete S-semimodules, together with dual functor, internal hom and tensor product, is a ⋆-autonomous category. We define the locally and globally maximal congruences which are related to Birkhoff subdirect product decomposition. We show that the categories of (...) S-semimodules, algebraic S-semimodules and topological S-semimodules are equivalent. Finally, we get a sheaf representation of any S-semimodule. (shrink)

Evidence suggests that participation in plaza dancing may affect mental health. This study for the first time quantified the relationships between plaza dancing and psychological well-being and ill-being. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP to identify relevant studies published from the databases since their inception to July 25, 2021. The standardized mean differences of pre-to-post intervention data were calculated in the meta-analysis. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed to test the potential moderating effects of age, (...) outcome classification, measurement instruments, district, publication year, total sample size, and the duration, frequency, and length of the square dance intervention. A total of 25 original articles met all the eligibility criteria and were included in the review, and 17 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that plaza dancing improved psychological well-being and reduced psychological ill-being. The study participants’ age and district did not seem to affect the effectiveness of the plaza dancing intervention. The duration and frequency of plaza dancing affected the association between square dance and psychological well-being and psychological ill-being. Plaza dancing has a significant positive effect on psychological well-being and psychological ill-being, and the effects are moderated by intervention modality. Generalizing plaza dancing interventions to promote psychological well-being and prevent or treat psychological ill-being is needed.Systematic Review Registration[www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero], identifier [CRD42021272016]. (shrink)

ObjectiveThis study took users of short-form mobile videos as research participants to explore the role of their boredom proneness in mediating the relationship between the use of mobile social media and subjective well-being.MethodsA sample of 656 users was evaluated by the Problematic Mobile Social Media Usage Assessment Questionnaire, General Well-Being Schedule, and Boredom Proneness Scale.ResultsFirstly, significant interactions were found between monthly living expenses and the UMSM of the participants, which were recognized as factors affecting SWB. Secondly, the level of living (...) expenses had little effect on the high-level and low-level groups of the UMSM but imposed a significant impact on the medium-level group. Thirdly, the UMSM showed an influence that could positively predict boredom; both the UMSM and boredom demonstrated a negative predictive effect on SWB.ConclusionThe findings indicate that the inappropriate use of mobile social media negatively affects users’ subjective well-being; boredom partially mediated the relationship between the use of mobile social media and SWB. (shrink)

We investigate the role of social-media-triggered public pressure on corporate social responsibility that includes expectations of transparency and accountability on the firm’s part, and participative/evaluative inputs on the public’s part. Using the date when S&P 500 firms established corporate Twitter accounts, we investigate the impact of corporate social media exposure on CSR outcomes. Results from baseline regressions indicate that firms with Twitter accounts significantly outperform industry peers in CSR rating, after controlling for firm and industry characteristics. To test potential reverse (...) causality, we use a dynamic treatment effect model to explore within firm changes of CSR, and find that firms’ CSR rating improves in year one- and year two after establishing a Twitter account, while no difference emerged in similar comparisons with peers prior to the Twitter account establishment. Additionally, Granger causality tests results show that corporate Twitter presence improves CSR performance; it is also shown that CSR outcomes do not motivate corporations to establish a social media presence on Twitter. Finally, firms with more experience on Twitter, and those with more followers, tweets or Twitter accounts are associated with improved CSR outcomes. We draw on two theories and qualitative interviews with senior CSR executives to explain why social media influences CSR firm behaviors. (shrink)

Over one in five adults in the United States and around the world are estimated to live with chronic pain. How are we to attend well to persons living with pain? This is a difficult, pressing question for both healthcare institutions and Christian communities, and it is only made more complex both by the contemporary opioid crisis and by how experiences of pain and addiction are shaped in the American context by race, gender, and class. Attending faithfully to persons in (...) pain demands thoughtful, creative resources on both practical and conceptual levels. In this special issue of Christian Bioethics, eight scholars from different disciplines—Sarah Barton, Farr Curlin, Jaime Konerman-Sease, Brett McCarty, Joel Shuman, Devan Stahl, John Swinton, and Emmy Yang—engage the meaning of attending to persons in pain for Christian bioethics and for faithful Christian practice. (shrink)

We analyze the causal-observational languages that were introduced in Barbero and Sandu (2018), which allow discussing interventionist counterfactuals and functional dependencies in a unified framework. In particular, we systematically investigate the expressive power of these languages in causal team semantics, and we provide complete natural deduction calculi for each language. Furthermore, we introduce a generalized semantics which allows representing uncertainty about the causal laws, and we analyze the expressive power and proof theory of the causal-observational languages over this enriched semantics.

Machine generated contents note: Part I. Introduction: 1. Personal epistemology in the classroom: a welcome and guide for the reader Florian C. Feucht and Lisa D. Bendixen; Part II. Frameworks and Conceptual Issues: 2. Manifestations of an epistemological belief system in pre-k to 12 classrooms Marlene Schommer-Aikins, Mary Bird, and Linda Bakken; 3. Epistemic climates in elementary classrooms Florian C. Feucht; 4. The integrative model of personal epistemology development: theoretical underpinnings and implications for education Deanna C. Rule and Lisa D. (...) Bendixen; 5. An epistemic framework for scientific reasoning in informal contexts Fang-Ying Yang and Chin-Chung Tsai; Appendices; 6. Who knows what and who can we believe? Epistemological beliefs are beliefs about knowledge (mostly) to be attained from others Rainer Bromme, Dorothe Kienhues, and Torsten Porsch; Part III. Students' Personal Epistemology, its Development, and Relation to Learning: 7. Stalking young persons' changing beliefs about belief Michael J. Chandler and Travis Proulx; 8. Epistemological development in very young knowers Leah K. Wildenger, Barbara K. Hofer, and Jean E. Burr; 9. Beliefs about knowledge and revision of knowledge: on the importance of epistemic beliefs for intentional conceptual change in elementary and middle school students Lucia Mason; 10. The reflexive relation between students' mathematics-related beliefs and the mathematics classroom culture Erik De Corte, Peter Op 't Eynde, Fien Depaepe, and Lieven Verschaffel; 11. Examining the influence of epistemic beliefs and goal orientations on the academic performance of adolescent students enrolled in high-poverty, high-minority schools P. Karen Murphy, Michelle M. Buehl, Jill A. Zeruth, Maeghan N. Edwards, Joyce F. Long, and Shinichi Monoi; 12. Using cognitive interviewing to explore elementary and secondary school students' epistemic and ontological cognition Jeffrey A. Greene, Judith Torney-Purta, Roger Azevedo, and Jane Robertson; Part IV. Teachers' Personal Epistemology and its Impact on Classroom Teaching: 13. Epistemological resources and framing: a cognitive framework for helping teachers interpret and respond to their students' epistemologies Andrew Elby and David Hammer; 14. The effects of teachers' beliefs on elementary students' beliefs, motivation, and achievement in mathematics Krista R. Muis and Michael J. Foy; Appendices; 15. Teachers' articulation of beliefs about teaching knowledge: conceptualizing a belief framework Helenrose Fives and Michelle M. Buehl; Appendices; 16. Beyond epistemology: assessing teachers' epistemological and ontological world views Lori Olafson and Gregory Schraw; Part V. Conclusion: 17. Personal epistemology in the classroom: what does research and theory tell us and where do we need to go next? Lisa D. Bendixen and Florian C. Feucht. (shrink)

Even though since 1965 the Great Cultural Revolution was basically an internal struggle in Mainland China, it coincided with a high tide of criticism toward Russian revisionism and therefore constituted a struggle for defining the ideological line of the Chinese Communist Party. As an internal struggle, the Great Cultural Revolution subjected all phases of cultural activity and personnel to a severe political grinding down so that a more uniform political consciousness of Maoism was generated as the guiding principle of the (...) nation; as an attempt to repudiate Russian revisionism and to assert the ideological identity of Maoism, the Great Cultural Revolution has helped in practice to provide a model of continuing revolution for a genuinely pursued Marxist society. In his long article, Chou Yang, who himself later became a target and victim of the Great Cultural Revolution, spelled out the latter message and hinted at the former possibility. What is even more significant is that he stressed repeatedly the importance of the role philosophy workers and social science workers must play in waging an ideological struggle against both Marxist revisionism and capitalism, on the one hand, and the importance of political leadership in the studies and works of philosophy and the social sciences, on the other. (shrink)

Many scholars of early China agree that the fourth century bce witnessed a surge in intellectual interest in concepts that have been dubbed the self, “subjectivity,” the private realm, and the body. As such a sphere came into greater focus in intellectual circles, so did a new discourse that evaluated what it meant to benefit or deprive the self and its related parts. The famous statement purportedly by Yang Zhu 楊朱 (or Yangzi 楊子) that claims he was not willing (...) to pluck out a single hair in order to benefit the world reminds us of such a discourse.2 Around the same time, there also emerged discussions that polarized various ideas of self and the private sphere (si 私), on the one hand, ver- sus the state and the public sphere (gong 公), on the other, especially in circles that concerned themselves with public policy and statecraft, but also more generally. These discussions formed a forceful counterpoint to the discourses involving human subjectivity and the body. Indeed, their open dislike of the influence of private, individual, and personal realms in politics strongly suggests that the statecraft writers were re- acting to and in dialog with those intellectuals who engaged discussion of subjectivity, the self, and its agencies. (shrink)

“Aja ngomong waton, nanging ngomonga nganggo waton.” Jangan asal bicara, tetapi bicaralah dengan patokan atau alasan yang jelas. Peribahasa tersebut merupakan ajakan untuk tidak asal bicara. Usahakan setiap pembicaraan benar-benar memiliki landasan atau alasan yang jelas agar dapat dipertanggungjawabkan. Biasanya, peribahasa ini digunakan untuk mengingatkan siapa pun yang sering menjelek-jelekkan orang lain dan menyebarkan kabar bohong atau hoaks. Dalam khazanah hidup kebudayaan Jawa, tersimpan ribuan peribahasa yang tetap diamalkan dan memberikan warna khusus bagi dinamika masyarakatnya hingga (...) kini. Buku ini sengaja ditulis sebagai upaya merangkum kembali peribahasa Jawa yang eksistensinya mampu menembus ruang dan waktu hingga abad XXI. Apabila disimak, kekuatan nilai pesan yang terkandung dalam peribahasa tradisional masih sangat relevan sebagai landasan sikap dan perilaku di era digital. Selamat membaca! (shrink)

This paper examines the creation and use of names that refer to a mass violence in Indonesia that occurred in May 1998 in several cities. The media has dubbed the event the May 1998 riots. Alternative names have been widely used and each represents either a different portrayal of the event or social political stance towards the event. Using discourse analysis, this paper will demonstrate how the choice of names affects presentation of the event, recognition of what actually happened and (...) the identification of parties involved, both the perpetrator and the victim. The labels assigned by the media to the event serve to promote certain points of view, shape social narrative and influence readers’ understanding of political violence. This paper found that the use of May 1998 as the token has blurred the nature of the event that is arguably politically motivated and downplayed the violence suffered by a particular group targeted during the riots. Abstrak Tulisan ini meneliti penggunaan nama untuk peristiwa kekerasan massa di Indonesia yang terjadi pada bulan Mei 1998 di beberapa kota. Media massa pada umumnya menggunakan nama Kerusuhan Mei 1998 untuk merujuk pada peristiwa tersebut. Beberapa nama alternatif juga dipergunakan secara luas dan masing-masing nama merepresentasikan gambaran atau pandangan sosial politis yang berbeda terhadap peristiwa tersebut. Penulis akan menggunakan analisa diskursus untuk menunjukkan bagaimana penamaan berpengaruhterhadap presentasi peristiwa, pengakuan atas apa yang terjadi dan pengidentifi kasian pihak-pihak yang terlibat, baik sebagai pelaku maupun korban. Label yang diberikan oleh media massa terhadap peristiwa tersebut berperan dalam membentuk narasi sosial dan mempengaruhi pemahaman pembaca akan kejadian tersebut. Tulisan ini menemukan bahwa penggunaan Mei 1998 sebagai penanda pada penamaan telah mengaburkan peristiwa yang dilatarbelakangi unsur politis tersebut dan juga menyampingkan kekerasan yang dialami oleh kelompok tertentu selama kerusuhan. (shrink)

In another paper, one of us argued that emergence and reduction are compatible, and presented four examples illustrating both. The main purpose of this paper is to develop this position for the example of phase transitions. We take it that emergence involves behaviour that is novel compared with what is expected: often, what is expected from a theory of the system's microscopic constituents. We take reduction as deduction, aided by appropriate definitions. Then the main idea of our reconciliation of emergence (...) and reduction is that one makes the deduction after taking a limit of an appropriate parameter $N$. Thus our first main claim will be that in some situations, one can deduce a novel behaviour, by taking a limit $N\to\infty$. Our main illustration of this will be Lee-Yang theory. But on the other hand, this does not show that the $N=\infty$ limit is physically real. For our second main claim will be that in such situations, there is a logically weaker, yet still vivid, novel behaviour that occurs before the limit, i.e. for finite $N$. And it is this weaker behaviour which is physically real. Our main illustration of this will be the renormalization group description of cross-over phenomena. (shrink)